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The Megalesia Ludi
The Megalesia were the Ludi organized in honour of Magna
Mater, a tradition originating in 191 BC. They were celebrated
in a variety of ways. The celebrations typically commenced
on April 4, when families of the Patrician order invited
eachother to dinners called 'Mutitationes' [Fasti
Praenestini]. Interestingly, the Senate in 161 BC officially
decreed that hosts of these feasts had to swear before the
Consuls that they would not spend on each dinner more than
120 'asses' in addition to vegetables, bread and wine, nor
serve foreign wines, nor display more than 120 lb of silverware
[Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae, 2.24]. These banquets are
also referred to by Ovidius [Ovidius, Fasti, IV.353-356],
although he seems to imply that participants other than
Patricians also invited each other for dinner. Theatrical
performances honoured the Goddess between April 4 and April
10, and on the birthday of the Temple of the Magna Mater,
located on the Palatine Hill, a public sacrifice was offered
by a Praetor before the temple [Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
Antiquities of Rome, 2.19.4]. Chariot races also took place,
probably on April 10 only. Ovidius writes that the proper
offering to Magna Mater was a salad ('moretum')
of white cheese and herbs:
"non pudet herbosum"
dixi "posuisse moretum in dominae mensis. An
sua causa subset?" "lacte mero veteres
usi narrantur et herbis, sponte sua si quas terra
ferebat" ait. "candidus elisae miscetur
caseus herbae, cognoscat priscos ut dea prisca cibos"
""They think no shame"
said I "to set a salad dish on the tables of
the Mistress. Is there a good reason at the bottom
of it?" "People of old" she answered,
"are reported to have subsisted on pure milk
and such herbs as the earth bore of its free will.
White cheese is mixed with pounded herbs, that the
ancient Goddess may know the ancient foods.""
[Ovidius, Fasti, IV.367-372]
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From the above, one can easily define suitable
ways to honour Magna Mater according to the more public
and traditional practice which everyone could witness -
as opposed to the exotic and secret rites held as part of
the Mysteries of the Magna Mater and Attis, the particulars
of which were known only to the initiates. |
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The Circus Maximus
in Rome, the modern
Piazza Navona
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The offering of
a salad ('moretum') of white cheese and herbs to
the Goddess can be performed as part of one's daily rites
before the "Lararium", e.g. after the
usual offering to the Lares and Penates of the family. But
it can also constitute a separate rite. The presiding family
member typically, but not necessarily, is the 'Paterfamilias'.
For purposes of consistency and simplicity, the term 'Paterfamilias'
shall be used in the ritual description below as the presiding
performer of the rite. Note that either English or Latin
may be used, as preferred.
Before the Lararium, the Paterfamilias
begins the ritual by citing the following text (the presence
of a statue or picture of the Magna Mater on the Lararium
is recommended, so that the Paterfamilias can see
the Goddess while performing the offering).
"Magna Mater,
quod Megalesia hodie celebramus quodque tibi hodie
fieri oportet moreto, harum rerum ergo quodque melius
siet mihi domo familiaeque meae tibi fiat illo moreto."
"Magna
Mater, as we celebrate the Megalesia today and as
today it is proper to offer a salad to you, for
these reasons and also in order that a better future
may fall on me, my house and my family. May the
offering of that salad be made to you"
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The Paterfamilias washes his hands. An assistant
may carry the water vessel and the towel; otherwise these
items should be placed near/behind the Paterfamilias
before the ritual begins, in order to prevent the ritual
from being interrupted.
The Paterfamilias takes the recipient with the
salad offered to him, and while placing it before the Lararium
or image of Magna Mater, says the following:
"Magna Mater,
macte hoc moreto esto. Fito volens propitia mihi
domo familiaeque meae."
"Magna Mater, shall you
be honoured by this salad. Be willing to be propitious
to me, my house and my family."
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Note: The salad offering will stay before the Lararium
or image of the Goddess until the first signs of its degradation
- one or two days. It can then be removed and thrown away
The Ritual of the Mutationes may be concluded with a prayer.
If a group of people are present such as family members
or friends you have invited to witness the ritual (e.g.
people you have invited to have a 'Mutitatio' dinner in
your home!) they may all participate by saying the prayer
in chorus. Or, the Paterfamilias may cite a few words of
the prayer at a time, and then allow the group to repeat
them back to him in unison, until the entire prayer has
been offered. Women may kneel before the rest of the audience
as suppliants.
The following is a short prayer I have composed, which
adds a public dimension to the rite as it is intended for
the Roman people as a whole. And my plea is for you, Roman
People of the Quirites, to join your voices in a worldwide
chorus pleasing Magna Mater, so that a better future may
again fall on the SPQR.
"Magna Mater, Mater
Deum, uti Ludi Megalesiaci sint aeterni utique populus
romanus quirites tuam tarueam tergam aeterne feriant
in mysteria tua, te precor oro obsecroque uti semper
protegas populo romano quiritibus sicut eis protexisti
ab hostibus carthaginis utique semper incolumes
serves populum romanum quirites."
"Magna Mater, Mother of
the Gods, in order that the Megalesian Games may
be eternal and in order that your drum of hide may
be beaten forever in your Mysteries, I pray to you,
entreat you and implore you, so that you may always
protect the Roman People of the Quirities, just
as you have protected them from the Carthaginian
enemies, and so that you may always preserve the
Roman People of the Quirites unharmed."
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